Author of AI for Indian Advocates. Creator of the Supervised Intelligence Method, the AI Responsibility Test, and the Five Doctrines of Professional AI Use. The first practitioner-grade standard for artificial intelligence in Indian legal practice. Practising Advocate, High Court of Judicature at Allahabad.
AI for Indian Advocates
Volume I · Live on Kindle
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SSRN · Abstract 6484839
System 1 Lawyering
Working Paper, March 2026
Session's Best Presenter
UPES International Conference
February 2026
Santoshi Kumari was eleven years old. She died on 28 September 2017. Her family had not completed an Aadhaar linkage requirement. Their ration card was cancelled. For six to eight months before her death, the family received no rations from the public distribution system.
The system did not malfunction. It operated according to the rules embedded within it. Those rules produced the exclusion. No officer issued the order. No document recorded the decision. No named decision-maker applied their mind. The platform simply said no.
The advocate who cannot see this layer cannot fully represent the client who lives under it.
This is not an isolated failure. It is the operating condition of the modern Indian state. Across identity verification, welfare delivery, tax enforcement, law enforcement, financial compliance, and economic regulation, India now deploys automated systems that produce determinations affecting legal rights at a scale no human administrative process could sustain.
Aadhaar processed 2,707 crore authentications in FY 2024-25. The GST Network's analytics infrastructure detected evasion of ₹7.08 lakh crore across 91,370 cases in five years. The Direct Benefit Transfer system governs entitlements for 176 crore beneficiaries. Every client who walks into a chamber is already subject to one or more of these systems.
Consider what this means for fundamental rights. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law. Article 19 protects freedoms of speech, movement, and profession. Article 21 protects life and personal liberty. When a welfare entitlement is cancelled by a platform, when a GST registration is suspended by an algorithm, when a bank account is frozen by an automated compliance flag, when a passport application is denied by a system that cannot explain its reasoning, these are not administrative inconveniences. They are determinations that engage constitutional rights.
But these determinations arrive without a written order, without a named officer, without recorded reasons, without a hearing, and without the procedural safeguards that administrative law has spent decades building. The algorithmic state operates in the gap between constitutional obligation and institutional practice.
Regulators deploy AI to detect non-compliance. Corporations deploy AI to manage risk, screen applicants, and automate decisions that affect individuals. Banks deploy algorithmic systems that freeze accounts, flag transactions, and generate Suspicious Activity Reports that trigger investigations. Insurance companies deploy automated claims assessment. Employers deploy AI-driven performance evaluation that determines livelihoods.
The individual on the other side of every one of these systems needs an advocate. And that advocate needs a method for understanding, challenging, and defeating algorithmic decision-making. The constitutional grounds for these challenges are well established. What was missing was the advocate equipped to mount them.
The second reality operates inside the profession itself. AI tools are already in use in legal research, drafting, and court submissions across India. Over half of Indian legal professionals report using AI in their practice. And the courts are finding the consequences.
In February 2026, the Supreme Court of India confronted a trial court order that cited four judgments. None of them existed. The order had been drafted using an AI tool. The court did not treat this as a technology failure. It treated it as misconduct. Notice was issued to the Attorney General, the Solicitor General, and the Bar Council of India. An amicus curiae was appointed.
This was not the first instance. Across jurisdictions, courts have identified AI-generated pleadings that advocates could not explain in oral argument, fabricated citations that crumbled under judicial scrutiny, and submissions with formal legal structure but no connection to the actual facts of the case. Costs have been imposed. Professional conduct warnings have been recorded.
These are not warnings about a future risk. They are judicial findings about present conduct, occurring now, in courts at every level of the system.
The profession adopted artificial intelligence without first building a method of use consistent with professional responsibility. No national professional standard governs how AI is used by India's 1.7 million advocates. The governance gap is total.
This work fills it.
Five stages governing every AI-assisted legal task. Three exclusively human. Two AI-assisted under continuous advocate direction. No stage may be inverted, skipped, or delegated.
Four questions an advocate must be able to answer before submitting any AI-assisted work, and before challenging the opponent's. The ART operates in both directions: inward on your own work product, outward as a forensic weapon against opposing submissions.
The complete system of publications, frameworks, and instruments. Each document is independently useful. Together, they constitute the professional infrastructure for AI-governed legal practice in India.
You come here to learn how to practice law in a world where AI exists. That is a fundamentally different proposition. Every AI workshop in the market teaches you which button to press. This work teaches you how to think when the button has already been pressed by everyone around you: your opponent, the regulator, the corporation on the other side, and the State.
The advocates and institutions that engage with this work do not just learn to use AI tools. They learn to think through a problem from first principles. To take instructions from a client and identify the legal question before any system is consulted. To frame, research, reconstruct, verify, and apply strategic judgment in sequence. To anticipate the adversarial approach before it arrives. To draft with precision, argue with structure, defend with evidence, and attack with method.
They learn to practice within the bounds of professional rules, ethical obligations, and constitutional principles while operating at a speed and depth that unassisted practice cannot match. They learn the difference between editing an AI's output and reconstructing an argument from their own analysis. They learn why partial verification is professional negligence. They learn to detect when the opponent's submission was assembled by a machine and how to exploit that in oral argument.
This is not a technology course. It is a professional formation programme. The technology is the context. The subject is advocacy.
Fees discussed on enquiry based on programme scope, audience size, and institution type. Concessions for Bar Associations and academic institutions. All engagements subject to availability.
Every framework in AI for Indian Advocates was developed in active litigation before it was formalised in print. The Supervised Intelligence Method was not constructed from theory. It was built in matters argued before Division Benches and the Chief Justice's bench at the Allahabad High Court. The cross-examination architecture in Chapter 14 is a working methodology applied in court, then written down. The verification protocols in Chapter 10 are the same protocols used to confirm authorities in writ petitions, criminal quashing applications, and revenue appeals filed from this chamber.
The practice is what separates this work from commentary. These are not ideas about law. They are instruments built by someone who takes instructions from clients, frames matters across jurisdictions, argues before benches, drafts under deadline, faces adversarial challenge, and lives with the consequences of the advice he gives. The difference between this work and every other treatment of AI in legal practice is that this one comes from inside the courtroom.
"The advocate must own capability without dependency on any external system."
Shivam Shukla has practised before the Allahabad High Court since 2019, independently since 2022 from Chamber No. 40. His work spans original writ jurisdiction, special appeals, second appeals, criminal quashing and bail, civil and revenue appeals, supervisory jurisdiction, habeas corpus, tax writs, and public interest litigation. He appears before Single Judge benches, Division Benches, and the Chief Justice's bench.
He works with solicitors, legal advisors, and co-counsel across jurisdictions. Consultations on legal strategy, case assessment, and appellate planning form a regular part of the practice alongside courtroom advocacy. He is the Founding Partner of Bharat Litigation Law, co-founded with Aniket Gupta (LL.M. NLUJ), handling institutional litigation for clients in banking, financial services, e-commerce, and corporate sectors.
Analysis, methodology, and professional intelligence on AI in legal practice. Written from inside the courtroom, not about it.
Shivam Shukla is an Advocate practising before the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad and courts across Uttar Pradesh. His practice spans constitutional and administrative law, revenue and property law, criminal law, and family and matrimonial law.
He is the sole author of AI for Indian Advocates: The Practitioner's Standard for Supervised Intelligence and the creator of the Supervised Intelligence Method, the AI Responsibility Test, and the Five Doctrines. His work at the intersection of law and artificial intelligence is not academic commentary. It is operational. His white paper System 1 Lawyering and the Governance of AI in Legal Practice, applying Kahneman's dual-process theory to the cognitive risk of AI-assisted legal work, is published on SSRN (Abstract ID 6484839, March 2026). He presented research on AI in Indian litigation at the International Conference on New Age Legal Dynamics, UPES School of Law, Dehradun, in February 2026, and was conferred the Award of Excellence as Session's Best Presenter by the Vice Chancellor and the Associate Dean (Research).
He is the Founding Partner of Bharat Litigation Law, co-founded with Aniket Gupta (LL.M. NLUJ). He holds B.Com, M.Com, and LL.B. (Hons.) degrees from the University of Allahabad.
For training enquiries, academic correspondence, speaking invitations, and book-related matters. Professional correspondence may be directed to the chamber address.
This website contains educational and informational content. It does not constitute legal advice or solicitation of professional engagement. All professional engagement is subject to applicable rules of professional conduct.